You can browse these collections from home using guides to specific collections. An assortment of audio books, located near the leisure reading section, are also available. While they won’t necessarily join the library’s permanent collection, they are available to library borrowers to check out free of charge. Segal explains that Fondren rents these books. These books are as familiar and contemporary as those in an airport bookstore: works by Stephen King, Jodi Picoult, James Patterson, Mary Higgins Clark mysteries by Sue Grafton (her well-known series is up to “U is for Undertow”) and show business memoirs by Steven Tyler and Tina Fey. Nearby is Fondren’s leisure reading collection. Ultimately, books from this collection are shelved in Fondren’s main stacks, but first they are displayed downstairs. The collection also includes books with major reviews in the New York Times Book Review. Many of them are winners or finalists from recent literary competitions in the U.S., Canada and Great Britain, such as Jaimy Gordon’s “The Lord of Misrule” (National Book Award for Fiction, 2010), Benjamin Sáenz’s “Everything Begins and Ends at the Kentucky Club” (Pen/Faulkner Award, 2013) and Hilary Mantel’s “Wolf Hall” (Man-Booker Prize, 2009). Supported by funds from the Friends of Fondren Library, librarians selects books for this collection. One place to start is by browsing the Friends of Fondren Library Contemporary Literature Collection on the first floor, near the entrance to the South Reading Room to the left of the library’s east entrance. Add them all to your own TBR list, or pick up a handful as the perfect gift for the book-lover in your life.Īnd once you're done here, head on over to the GH Book Club to check out even more feel-good reads.How do you find a good book to read at Fondren Library? I’m talking about something preliminary, nonspecific and subtle, something to read for pleasure, take with you on vacation, or suggest to your book club for discussion? We've got something for fans of thrillers and crime, romance novels, humor, classics, brand-new releases and of course, literary fiction. And just like the rest of the literary canon, these best LGBTQ+ books come in all genres. Įveryone deserves to see their lived experiences reflected and validated, and that's especially essential for young people or those who can't safely express their identity in their everyday lives. These books by gay, lesbian, trans and LGBTQ+ authors, as well as fantastic reads with characters who are part of the rainbow of identities the acronym encompasses, show us that our literary worlds can (and should!) be as beautifully diverse as the one we live in. But this largely corporate visibility during Pride month shouldn't be a 30-day limited engagement - instead, consider it an opportunity to expand the range of our media consumption all year long. For one colorful month, products as diverse as t-shirts to bagels are reimagined in a rainbow motif in a nod toward supporting (and earning money from) the LGBTQ+ community. During Pride month, a lot of attention turns to LGBTQ+ culture, including its artists, creators and authors.
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If you can introduce more degrees of freedom, for example radius of curvature on the lenses, you'll probably achieve better collimation. Zemax/OpticStudio Programming (ZPL) for Non-Sequential ModeQuick Course on Zemax Programming Language (ZPL) for Non-Sequential ModeRating: 4. With just this one variable, it's as expected the output beam won't be perfectly collimated. I think this partly is due to the fact you only allow one varable, which is the separation between the two lenses. I can see in your layout, most of the rays are collimated with some outliers. If you don't want to share your file in the forum, you can either email it to or create a case in MyZemax and attach the file there.Īs for the TIR error message in the Sequential merit function editor, you can swtich the Pupil Integration from Gaussian Quadrature to Rectangular array and check Delete Vignetted, that should get rid of that error message. I tried to build it but didn't get identical LDE as the one you showed. For example, in a typical imaging system design, optimizing for best RMS spot, I have a design with a starting MF of 0.02 with 12 variables, all thicknesses and. Would it be possible for you to share the file? I can see the LDE from your screenshot but it's missing the System Aperture definition. I was pleased to see the new optimization routines in 21.1, but I have not yet succeeded in getting a better result (either in MF value or speed) with them than with the DLS optimizer. Let me know if this idea works for you, or if you have any other questions. This will speed up the optmization process. When done, you can then convert this system into NSC mode, and run further optimization in NSC mode if you are interested in using a specific source object in NSC mode. This way you could take advantage of the fast optimization in Sequential mode. Sequential mode also provides a default merit function criterion for Angular spot size. Usually we recommend using Othogonal Descent for NSC optimization, but you could also try switching between DLS and OD to see which algorithm works better for your system.īased on the layout plot, if your system contains only these two lenses, I would recommend maybe starting the design and optimization in Sequential mode first. This is the main reason why the NSC optimization takes much longer. For both radiometric analysis (for example determining the power incident on a detector) and optimization, the best choice for a source is almost always a pseudo-random source such as a Source Ellipse, with enough analysis rays to provide for smooth statistics. The NSC optimization usually takes longer than Sequential optimization, because in Sequential mode, with Gaussian Quadrature or Rectangular Array, OpticStudio usully only needs to trace couple hundreds of ray, while in NSC, we are looking at million rays or more which could also split and scatter. DLL (Source): Non-sequential fan and ring sources. I looked at the screenshot of your optimizaton wizard. To optimize for collimation, one chould use the default merit function with Criterion set for RMS Angular Radius. Thank you for contacting us with your inquiry! The presets bring out details in the highlights and add tasteful color tints for an artistic finishing touch. Using a combination of faded shadows, tasteful color tints, and film grain, this collection gives photos an aged, yet contemporary look and feel.Ĭreated for urban photography, these presets improve the look of shots taken in cities dominated by buildings, manmade structures, and urban life in general.ĭesigned for shots taken in low light, this collection works especially well with photos of cities taken at night. The vintage look never gets old, especially with a more modern take on the old-school feel. Along with color changes, the presets also increase contrast for a more striking and eye-catching look. This collection of presets for landscape photography is designed to boost colors and bring out details in photographs of nature - especially in shots with lots of greens and blues. This collection is based on some of the best films in production today - try them if you’re looking for a more clean and simple look, especially for portrait and nature photography. Many modern analog films are well regarded for highlighting skin tones, creating pleasing outdoor shots, or having unique grain detail. This collection is great for portrait and lifestyle photography, adding a subtle and tasteful vintage look and feel. And many analog films have become legendary for their visual qualities - these presets are based on some of the most well-known and popular analog films. Subtle changes to the colors of the shadows and highlights of an image are key to achieving this look.īefore digital, there was analog. Many of them are based on the ‘teal and orange’ look, which is a pretty simple but very effective way to get a photo’s colors to pop, emphasizing skin tones and color contrasts. Inspired by the contemporary color grading process used in the movie and video industry, these presets emulate the cinematic look and feel. Some presets apply film-style grain to create an old-school film feel, others increase contrast for a more striking look. Especially when you want to add a little drama. The black and white look is very versatile and is great for artistic photography, landscapes, portraits, street photography, and many other styles. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional".These black and white presets are based on classic black and white films. Cookieġ6 years 10 months 7 days 7 hours 14 minutes Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. The purpose of the cookie is to determine if the user's browser supports cookies. This is used to present users with ads that are relevant to them according to the user profile. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. The cookie is set by Facebook to show relevant advertisments to the users and measure and improve the advertisements. This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. So he ordered the part, and in a few days it arrived. Since his vehicle only has 1 cam shaft position sensor, we knew it was time for it to be replaced. “Camshaft Position Sensor A Circuit Bank 1 or Single Sensor” The description of the code was as follows: I got to his house and plugged in my code reader and we realized his car was throwing a P0340 code. Knowing that I was a automotive technician, he messaged me the other day to try and help him figure out what was going on with his Subaru. P034My good friend’s Forester recently stalled out and left him stranded on the side of the road. How to replace a cam shaft position sensor on a 1999 Subaru Forester. This vehicle is much more than just a method of transportation for me, I really do see machine as a good friend and I plan on keeping her forever. If it wasn’t for this car I wouldn’t be working as an automotive tech, and I truly believe my life would be completely different. 15x8 Rota RKR wheels/13x8 SSR Mk3 wheels. Larger rear differential with 1 piece axles. Exedy lightened flywheel and stage 1 clutch. More plans for the future include complete body work including, dent and ding removal, professional respray, and redoing the interior since it defintely shows its age. I built this car with a purpose, and it defintely gets put to the test. Yes, there are dings and dents and the paint isn’t the best, but that’s because this car is driven and not parked in a garage like others. I rebuilt the engine and it’s running better than ever before. In the last year I installed new wheels, a hardtop, fender flares, and garage vary tail lights. This car has been through many different visual appearances, but it’s current one is differently my favorite. This car has taught me everything from suspension work, engine rebuilds, drive train replacements, body work, as well as driving on a racetrack. Since then my Miata has gone through 3 different suspension set ups, 5 different sets of wheels, 8 track events, 1 theft, and many long nights filled with: driving, wrenching, and friends. It was a deal that is completely impossible to come by today since prices of Miatas have skyrocketed in the recent years. I bought it for $1,500 and it was complete stock with brand new paint, tires, and a convertible top. I came into ownership of this beauty on April 21st 2012 according to my Instagram post from that day. I actually have a BP6D-18-881B in a closet that works as well.Īlso neither support immobilizers, so you can just slap em in, unplug your immobilizer, and your good to go.Over the years I have bought and sold many cars, but one car that has stuck with me for a long time has been my Miata. Revving it out to 7500 is neat too - if you get the "BP6D-18-881C" ECU (which I have but I will warn you - it's extremely hard to find, I had to enlist the help of a friend in Japan to find one). The engine itself feels about the same, but with a bit more top end. Two sets of pins on the ECU have to be jumpered as well - I can't remember clearly right now, but one is to prevent a TCU code from popping up (which forces it to go open loop), and the other allows the fuel pump to work because it's on a different pin in the US ecu's.Īfter that it works wonderfully, apart from the CEL not working, and mine likes to rev up a little (like 1000-1100 rpm) when I push the clutch in, but not sure if that's it's fault or something else. Also I'm pretty sure it absolute needs 93 octane due to the higher compression. No emissions testing here however - it will not work if you have emissions to worry about. I ended up recycling that transmission, couldn't find a buyer and had no space for it It came with an auto trans as well - so I know it likely wasn't beat on too hard. I wanted to make sure I was putting in a nice one that would last. The engine was also SUPER clean, it was a great find. The engine had the newer small-style A/C compressor so I know it came from a 2004 or newer car - which is nice. I currently have a JDM VVT engine and ECU in mine (2002 SE). There are 10 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. Tami studied at the Ophelia DeVore School of Charm and the Fashion Institute of Technology, where she earned her Image Consultant Certification. She holds a BA in Economics with a concentration in International Relations from Clark University. Tami has spent decades studying cultures through her extensive travels across five continents and has created cultural diversity workshops to promote social justice and cross-cultural awareness. With over 20 years of experience, Tami specializes in teaching etiquette classes to individuals, students, companies, and community organizations. Tami Claytor is an Etiquette Coach, Image Consultant, and the Owner of Always Appropriate Image and Etiquette Consulting in New York, New York. Explore a range of letter template designs available from Microsoft 365 to find one that suits your style and get a head start on your next business letter.This article was co-authored by Tami Claytor. Meanwhile, having a customizable letterhead can make the process of formatting your business letters as simple as can be. Once you’ve written a few business letters, the content will begin to come easier. Double- and triple-check that the contact information in your letter is error-free and use a digital writing assistant like Microsoft Editor to help spot mistakes as you’re preparing your letter. Avoid Typos and Errors at All Costs: For most business requests and job applications, typos and grammatical errors will adversely affect your prospects, if not lead to outright rejection.Offer Options for Follow-Up: Within the closing paragraph of your letter, be sure to describe when and how you can best be contacted by the recipient, and if applicable, outline specific steps that can be taken to move forward with your request.Avoid flowery language and stick to a formal tone in your writing. Keep It Concise: Throughout your letter, you will want to use concise writing.Use the first paragraph to directly explain why it is that you’re writing the letter, then turn to specifics to support your request or job candidacy in the paragraph that follows. Be Direct: While it’s typical to include a friendly greeting in the opening paragraph of your letter’s body, it’s important that you get to the point quickly.To go along with the typical formatting of a business letter, there are some guidelines for writing that should be followed to ensure that your letter is well-received: As an added touch, you can include your written signature above your typewritten name.Įlevate your writing with real-time, intelligent assistance Learn More Tips for Writing a Business Letter While there are a wide range of appropriate closings to choose from, you can keep it simple with closings like “Sincerely,” “Regards,” or “Respectfully yours.” Below your closing, add your name and, if you have one, your current job title. A formal closing and signature: Once you’ve made your case or request, sum up and reiterate the main reason for your letter before signing off with a complimentary close.The body of your letter: After a line break below your salutation, craft the body of your letter using single-spaced lines.An opening salutation: Begin your letter with a formal salutation like “Dear Mr./Ms./Dr.” If you’re not sure who exactly will be on the other end of your letter, use the salutation “To Whom It May Concern.”.The recipient’s contact information: Beneath the date and justified to the left margin of the page, include the contact information of the person or business to whom you are writing.
and 8 p.m., we go from rain to heavy snow - that will quickly accumulate on roads," she said. "We'll have rain likely developing along the Wasatch Front through the afternoon. KSL meteorologist Kristen Van Dyke said the valley rain will turn to snow once a cold front arrives later in the day. Tuesday, as the rain picked up in intensity in the valleys. Some bench areas began receiving snow by about 2 p.m. Precipitation began with light rain along the Wasatch Front Tuesday morning in addition to mountain snow. The storm is arriving from the Pacific Northwest. Meanwhile, a high wind warning has also been issued for several places in southern Utah, where gusts up to 65 to 70 mph are likely Tuesday afternoon into Wednesday morning. Most areas not included in a warning are listed under a winter weather advisory. That’s in the wake of the agency responding to nearly 100 crashes from early Tuesday morning into the afternoon.SALT LAKE CITY - Nearly all of Utah is included in a winter storm warning ahead of a " major winter storm" that can potentially deliver up to a foot of snow or more in some valley communities and multiple feet of snow in the mountains Tuesday afternoon through Thursday morning. This week’s storm also wreaked havoc on the roads, with the Utah Highway Patrol reporting 43 crashes since 8:15 p.m. “We’re in the midst of a multidecade drought here, so it’s going to take a couple of winters with at least well above average snowfall to get us out of this hole,” Webber said. Some corners of Utah, specifically parts of Washington County and the entire eastern sliver are in moderate drought, which Webber calls “minor improvements.” But it will take more than one big storm to make a significant difference. Most of the state remains in severe to extreme drought, according to Utah’s drought monitor. It’s only mid-December, so we still have several months before we can really start to see what impact it will bring to the drought,” said Webber. “We tend to build snowpack all the way through April. Southern Utah is also experiencing an above-average winter, with parts of Washington, Kane and Garfield counties reporting nearly 200% of the median snow water equivalent.Įven with a hopeful outlook, it’s hard to say if this winter will have any impact on the decadeslong drought. Statewide snowpack is at 152% of normal levels, which is in the 81st percentile. That’s more snow than at least 91% of all other years on record. The region is currently at 190% to 200% of normal snow water equivalent - essentially how much water is in the snowpack. The storm is the latest in what has been an above-average winter for Utah, especially in the northern reaches of the state - the last time the Salt Lake-area mountains had this much snow was in December 2011. “So we very well could be stuck in some cooler temperatures, at least through the weekend.” “Especially with all this snow that we have, it’s going to help build that inversion even stronger,” he said. Those cold temperatures, combined with the new snow, could result in an inversion with bad air quality this weekend, says Webber. “There are some chances for really cold air to make it in here but it’s almost fleeting at this point,” said Sam Webber, meteorologist with the National Weather Service in Salt Lake City. Once Thursday’s storm tapers off, northern Utah can expect drier weather with cool temperatures - there’s a chance those temperatures could dip below 15 degrees, although that’s on the extreme end of the National Weather Service’s forecast. At the National Weather Service’s Salt Lake City office, the snow fell for over 33 hours straight. The Salt Lake City International Airport saw 11.7 inches, the most since February of last year. Well, after seeing my daughter play with this for many weeks now, I'm very happy to report that these are excellent blocks, designed impeccably. Also supplied are 4 wheels which can be snapped on to the base (and your kid can design a mobile unit like a car) The pieces are more than adequate for a small child and he or she can let his/her imagination run wild with different permutations and combinations to come up with unique structures everyday._Quality and Safety:-Needless to say, when we get something for our children, one of the first things we want to know is whether the item is safe for them. There is also a main base unit that can be used as foundation to build up modular structures. The zipper, the handle as well as the bag are of good quality._The contents:-The bag contains 80 assorted building blocks, ranging from single 1x1 unit to 1x2, 1x3, 1x4, 2x2 units etc. To lift and carry the set, there is also a soft plastic handle at the top. Inside you'll find the mega blocks bag which is a sturdy plastic bag that opens at the top via a circumferential zipper. There are multiple variants of this set, that come in pink, blue or multi-color combo.I got the Blue one, which actually has pieces of every elementary colour._Packaging:-The item comes very well packaged in a decent size Amazon cardboard box containing air pockets to ensure safe transit. It is made by Fischer price which is a well known and reputed brand worldwide. On a trip to a Landmark outlet, I came across this product. With that in mind, I went shopping for a lego-esque building block set. At the same time, the toys needed to be safe, without any harmful chemicals or small moving parts that she may accidentally swallow. Children easily get bored with a single item and so I wanted something modular that had multiple permutations and combinations. _Purchase Rationale:-My daughter is just over a year old and I wanted to get something for her that stimulated her analytical skills and improved eye-hand coordination. Bright, colourful, sturdy, safe, high quality as well as affordable toy set for your kid. Refer to The Australian Tax Office (ATO).ĬAPITAL GAINS TAX – A Commonwealth tax payable on the Capital Gain made on the sale of an investment property. Buyer’s agents should be licensed and certified to act as a buyer’s agentĬAPITAL GAIN – The amount by which the net proceeds from resale of a capital item exceed the book value of the asset. This occurs when there is an over-supply of property for sale causing prices to decline.īUYER’S AGENT – A person that represents a property buyer in negotiations with a vendor or his/her agent. Normally refundable if possession of property is returned in good condition.īUILDING INSPECTOR – An authorised person who is responsible for checking buildings in the course of construction and completed buildings to ensure that they have been constructed in accordance with building control provisions.īUILDING LINE – The setback from the site boundary required by statutory authorities for buildings.īUILDING REGULATIONS – The Building Code of Australia and other regulations stipulated by local authorities relating to the design and construction of buildings.īUILDING RESTRICTIONS – Planning and development controls that limit the use, size and location of buildings or other improvements on land.īUSINESS BROKER – An estate agent licensed and certified to sell businesses.īUYER’S MARKET – The condition which exists when, under competitive conditions, the pressures of supply and demand are such that market prices are at a relatively low level, giving the buyer an advantage. Associated rights and obligations are fixed by scheduled by-laws.īOND (RENTAL) – Consideration held, usually under a lease, to ensure performance of lease terms and conditions. The registered proprietors of the units are the only members of the Body Corporate. (b) The control and administration of common property is vested in a statutory Body Corporate which comes into existence automatically on the registration of the plan, and to which the provisions of the Companies Act do not apply. (a) A term used in the Strata Titles Act to describe the body representing the building owners Usually includes a condition that one agent will have the exclusive right to sell the property for a period during and after the auction.ĪUCTIONEER – A person who is licensed to sell, or offer for sale, real estate where persons become purchasers by competition, being the highest bidders.īID – A verbal or written offer to purchase.īODY CORPORATE ALSO KNOWN AS "OWNER’S CORPORATION" – Details the reserve price and the costs of the auction, including advertising and the agent’s commission. Such a buyer is liable for the mortgage repayment.ĪUCTION – A sale usually in public, by an auctioneer, in which property is sold to the highest bidder.ĪUCTION AGENCY AGREEMENT – An agreement that the vendor must sign when a property is listed for auction. The term flat is used to describe a self-contained dwelling unit in multi-unit dwellings.ĪPPRAISAL – In Australia, the term means an opinion of price or a range of prices and the potential sale-ability of a residential property.ĪSSESSED, RATEABLE, OR TAXABLE VALUE – A value which is based upon definitions contained within applicable laws relating to the assessment, rating, and/or taxation of real property.ĪSSUMPTION OF MORTGAGE – When a buyer takes ownership of real estate encumbered with a mortgage and has assumed the responsibility as the guarantor for the unpaid balance of the mortgage. Commonly used to refer to licensed real estate agents and real estate representatives.ĪGENTS IN CONJUNCTION – Two or more agents employed by a principal to sell or let real estate and share commission.ĪPARTMENT – A room or suite of rooms used as a dwelling unit. Details will be shown on Certificates of Title of both parties granting and receiving the right.ĪCCESSIBLE HOUSING – A dwelling designed to allow easier access for physically disabled or vision impaired persons.ĪDJUSTMENTS – Apportionment of rates, taxes, body corporate fees, rent, insurances etc up to the date of possession or settlement on a sale or letting.ĪGENT – A person authorised to act for another (usually for the owner) in the selling, buying, renting or management of a property. ACCESS RIGHTS – The right of ingress to and egress from a property that abuts upon an existing street or highway. Takes the asset path of an asset/prefab and deletes all that are found on the serverĪsset path can be found by looking at the desired asset/prefab, using debug.lookingat and then py Increase this value for upkeep to cost less How many minutes does the upkeep cost last. Max minutes of upkeep the tool cupboard can consume after being destroyed to keep the base from decaying for that period of time Takes a float value that controls the multiplier for decay on the server Toggles debug stats to hover over what the player is currently looking atįreezes the debugcamera camera position allowing you to move your player around from a fixed viewing angle Prints information about what the player is currently looking at If this is a locally hosted server you can replace the IP with "localhost"Īllows you to connect to a server if you have its IP address and Port but the connecting info is not printed to consoleĬopies the contents of the F1 console to the clipboard Optional Steam64ID for admins to see other player's combatlogĪllows you to connect to a server if you have its IP address and Port Respawns the bradley APC in launchsite, does not create a second APCĭisplays recent damage information for what the player damaged and what the player was damaged by Runs a benchmark simulation of many parts of the game to see how well you can run the game Returns a list of banned users with reasons and names Does not require the player to be on the server Eg, 1M7d5m will keep them banned for 1 month, 7 days and 5 minutes from when you banned themīans a player from the server with a reason using Steam64ID. Input duration using a value followed by a time indicator. Set username as a nickname you will remember this player by, reason to why you're banning them and an optional duration of when the ban will expire Input -1 to reset to the server's regular timeīans a player from the server. Sets the time of day to this hour for your player only You can also take a look at Corrosionhour's prefab list Most useful command list Command Pasting your clipboard elsewhere will make it easier to extract the path from what you copied from console First use console.clear, then use debug.lookingat on the entity you want the path of, lastly use py to copy the path. If you look at the entity you want to find the path of and use the console command debug.lookingat you will get the path returned to you in F1 console. For instance, if you want to delete the banditcamp airwolf vendor (for some reason?) you can use del assets/prefabs/npc/bandit/shopkeepers/bandit_conversationalist.prefab You can also do similar if you want to remove all bears from the server del assets/prefabs/npc/bear/bear_full.prefab Finding asset/prefab paths You can, however, use the del command followed by the entity's/asset's path. You may find that some entities you cannot regularly use ent kill on to remove them after they've spawned. Some commands have different functionalities if they are prefixed with "sv", eg, the quit command that normally closes the client can be prefixed with "sv" to save and close the server by doing sv quit Deleting assets/prefabs from the server Some commands are only designed to be used through the server console but can be used via a client with admin if prefixed with "sv", eg, the say command that broadcasts a message in chat from the server can be only be used by the client by doing sv say You can search for any kind of collection of symbols, words and etc. It will show a full list of available commands, variables and descriptions that matches your request. If you need a command but don't remember its full name, you can use find command. Moreover, a rabies-based vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 is currently being evaluated in humans 28. The RABV vaccine has been shown to elicit long-lasting immunity in humans 27, which is important for a vaccine platform. Both vectors can be used as inactivated vaccines that will elicit immune responses against both foreign glycoproteins and the native rhabdoviral glycoproteins 22, 23, 24, 25 however, VSV has never been tested as a killed vector. These vectors have many advantages, including their small, easily manipulated genome that can stably express foreign glycoproteins 20, 21 and their well-established safety profiles 22, 23, 24, 25, 26. Rhabdoviruses, specifically rabies virus (RABV) and VSV, have been used as vaccine vectors for a variety of infectious diseases 19, including CCHFV, as mentioned above 9. Thus, there is still a great need for an effective and safe CCHFV vaccine strategy. While live vaccine strategies can be effective, there is always a concern about the virulence (whether inherent or mutation acquired) of these vectors, especially when used in immunocompromised people, pregnant women, and children. Finally, both live Modified Vaccinia Ankara (MVA) and Vesicular Stomatitis virus (VSV) vaccines containing the CCHFV-M gene protected mice from CCHFV challenge 9, 18, but supporting clinical studies are pending. However, the study did not investigate the longevity of the immune responses elicited by the vaccine, which might be a problem based on the findings of waning humoral immune response to the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) mRNA vaccine 17. A nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine using CCHFV nucleoprotein and/or glycoproteins also showed 100% protection in mice 10. DNA vaccines using both the nucleoprotein (S) gene, glycoprotein (M) gene, or a combination of these antigens have demonstrated 100% protection in mice or Cynomolgus macaques 13, 14, 15, 16, but DNA vaccines have not been effective in humans. A cell culture produced whole inactivated virus vaccine showed 80% protection in mice 12 however, it requires a BSL-4 facility for production, which is dangerous and expensive. While many other strategies have proven to be protective in animal models 8, 9, 10, there are concerns regarding the clinical application of each candidate. The only vaccine ever tested in humans was a whole inactivated virus vaccine propagated in mouse brains that reduced cases in Bulgaria, but requires BSL-4 laboratories for production and is administered as a four dose regimen 11. There have been a variety of vaccine strategies against CCHFV tested in animal models with varying success 8, 9, 10. Accordingly, CCHFV is classified as an NIH/NIAID Category A and World Health Organization (WHO) high-priority pathogen. Therefore, CCHFV is designated as a biosafety level 4 (BSL-4) pathogen, further highlighting the need for effective vaccines and therapeutics. The case-fatality rate for CCHF is up to 40% 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and there are no licensed CCHFV-specific vaccines or treatments available for humans. However, CCHFV can cause Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) in humans, which first presents with flu-like symptoms and progresses to bleeding, petechiae, and, in more severe cases, organ failure and death 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. CCHFV infects a wide range of mammalian hosts, yet it does not cause visible disease in these animals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Areas where this tick can survive are increasing due to anthropogenic factors such as habitat modification, thus increasing the areas where CCHFV can circulate 6, 7. The wide range of endemic areas is due to the natural habitat of CCHFV’s tick vector, ticks of the Hyalomma genus 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is an emerging infectious disease with an extensive global distribution spanning across areas of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, and Europe 1, 2, 3, 4, 5. |
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